Humanistic Perspective and Addiction Essay - 1420 Words

Tia Gardner September 21, 2012 Humanistic Perspective and Addiction There are several theories of addiction. All of them are imperfect. All are partial explanations. It is for this reason that it is important to be aware of and question addiction theories. One contemporary psychoanalytical view of substance abuse is that it is a defense against anxiety (Thombs D 2006). Addicts often abuse alcohol and other substances to guard against anxiety and other painful feelings like shame, guilt, loneliness and depression. Psychological problems including substance abuse disorders are viewed as a result of inhibited ability to make authentic, meaningful, and self directed choices about how to live. The†¦show more content†¦Is there some genetic difference that perhaps allows some to realize when an elevated blood alcohol level has been reached and transmits a message to the brain to stop drinking that others do not have? These questions have not been clearly answered and are under persistent investigation. Among the numerous definitions for addiction, there lies yet another to define it from a biochemical perspective. Milkman (1983) defines it as â€Å"self-induced changes in neurotransmission that result in social problem behaviors. This definition encompasses the psychological, biochemical and social aspects of addictive processes. It is not limited to substance abuse and can be applied to any activity characterized by compulsion, loss of control and continuation of the substance despite harm. This has helped investigators gain a better understanding of the nature of addiction. It has been shown that individuals turn to drugs that elicit a mood or level of arousal consistent with their mode of dealing with stress. Those who deal with stress by confrontation choose drug stimulants. Those who withdrawal from stress chooses opiate drugs. Others who deal with stress through activities related to imagery or fantasy turn to hallucinogens. These differences between behavior and drug preference are thought to be biochemically driven. Although I primarily favor a synthesisShow MoreRelatedEssay on Psychological Perspectives M21316 Words   |  6 PagesPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES M2 I am going to look at how the humanistic and the biological approaches are used in health and social care practices and how they are applied to service provision, comparing the similarities and differences for each approach. The biological approach is being used in health care a lot more now we are more aware and knowledgeable on the brain and the nervous system. Scientists can now look at the brain through MRI and PET scans to see the effects of brain damage, diseaseRead MorePsychological Perspectives of Smoking Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological perspectives of smoking This essay will consider how each of the 5 psychological perspectives explain smoking. I will cover the psychodynamic, the behaviouristic, the biological, the cognitive and the humanistic approach. Psychodynamic approach The psychodynamic approach views behaviour in terms of past childhood experiences, and the influence of unconscious processes. There are five psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory, the first being the oral stage during which the infantRead MoreMiss997 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 29: Assignment Explain the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours Case study -Addiction Ben is a 22 year old and works as a photographer. He drinks a lot and goes to parties every single weekend with his friends. Ben has also started using heroin and became addicted to it while trying it out because of his friends. He grew up with his mum and had tough childhood as his mum is a single mum and also was addicted to alcoholRead MoreThe Psychological Perspectives Of Ariel Castro1092 Words   |  5 PagesCastro left his home in Cincinnati, Ohio, he did not lock the front door, and Amanda Berry, one of the four victims, was able to get help and once in for all stop the forever torture she and the other three sufferers. Through the psychological perspectives, Ariel Castro’s heinous crimes will be analyzed. Ariel Castro committed these monstrous atrocities because of his childhood abuse and recent events. Ariel Castro suffered through wicked torture at the hands of his mother and neighbor. AccordingRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychic Energy887 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficulties, sexual issues or low self-esteem. Phobias, social shyness and difficulties sleeping are further examples of areas that could be addressed within psychoanalytic therapy. The humanistic approach was a reaction to Freuds theory, humanistic psychologists criticized his theory stating it was to pessimistic. Humanistic theory emphasizes conscious awareness of needs, personal responsibility of the individual and choices (Lahey, 2009). Rogers and Maslow pointed their attention to two main things ‘self-concept’Read MoreContemporary Approaches Of Psychology And How They Interpret Drug Use897 Words   |  4 Pagestheories in psychology include Biological, Behavioral Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Sociocultural. These seven contemporary approaches allow us to interpret the behavior of individuals. Each perspective makes certain assumptions about human behavior. For this analysis we will review the behavioral and sociocultural approaches in psychology and compare how they interpret drug use. THe Behavioral perspective believes that our behavior is the result of the environment we are inRead MorePsychology of Drug Abuse Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesdrugs in the first place? In this research essay, I will discuss how each one of the major school of psychology perspectives could attempt to explain a person would abuse drugs, and with that information in hand I will determine how a modern day psychologist could take this information and approach this problem. The first perspective on this question is Humanistic Psychology. Humanistic Psychology‘s approach to understand why people abuse drugs begins with looking into a person’s inner self. CarlRead MoreAlcoholism Is A Severe Disease That Affects Many People Around The World1144 Words   |  5 Pagesvery emotional under the influence rather than aggressive. Perspectives of Addiction The psychodynamic perspective states that people with addiction are usually self- medicating to compensate inner emotions without success. They believe that if there was any childhood trauma or things left untreated they would come out as adults and mental health concerns will arise, such as addiction (Heshmat, 2014). According to the psychodynamic perspective on alcoholism, the subject more than likely drinks becauseRead MoreEvaluate The Theory Of Motivation From Humanistic Perspective Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluate the theory of motivation from the Humanistic perspective. By Marialena Posteraro Throughout this paper evaluation of motivation from a Humanistic perspective will be examined. Motivation is the drive within humans that makes us act, it is a process that influences goal directed behavior. Drives are considered internal factors that push an organism into action. Throughout our lives, we have certain drives within us that motivate us to behave and act in a certain way to fulfill ourRead MoreVisiting a Homeless Shelter Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesmost of the African Americans came to us; they felt as though they could identify with us most, because of the pigment of our skin. I had several conversations with the homeless people. Most people were homeless because they had some form of addiction, which led them to making bad decisions. Some of them were homeless because they had been arrested and they had nowhere to go at the end of their jail term. A few people were homeless because they had been laid off from their jobs, which resulted

Low Levels Of Academic Achievement - 955 Words

lower levels of academic achievement and it is also known that Latino adolescents experience great levels of depression symptoms constantly†( ). According to the National Center for Education Statistics (2007), nearly 63% of Latino Adolescents in the United States achieve a high school degree, as opposed to 87% of African American Adolescents. Latino youth similarity report experiencing elevated levels of depression symptoms than the children from other groups. Research shows that academic achievement and depression are negatively associated to each other, however there is lack of evidence that results in an inconclusive understanding of this relationship. This negative relationship is seen for a variety of academic measures, which include the standardized achievement test, grades, and teachers ratings, yet the direction of causality in this relationship is still unknown AND Modern research, today in this association is lacking. Previous studies have found groundwork to the presented issue. In a meta-analysis of Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), Twenge and Nolene-Hoelcsema (2002) found that Latino children and adolescents endorsed considerably higher depressive symptoms, obtaining higher scores on the CDI than children from other ethnic groups. A study by Roberts and Sohaban (1992) found that Mexican-American adolescents had an increased risk for depression when compared with European and African American adolescents. In addition, a study by Alva and de los ReyesShow MoreRelatedEffects of Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity on a Child1542 Words   |  7 Pagesbrain development (Nelson, 1999). Socioeconomic status limits how much a family could provide to aid a child’s development. Middle-class families can better prepare their children with opportunities for success than families with low household income. Families with low household income will be reluctant to spend money on daycare becau se they have other priorities. Credentialed daycare providers increase children’s cognitive and critical thinking skills (Barnett Belfield, 2006). The long-term effectsRead MoreOverall Average Of Grades 6-8 Students Aspire Math Content Standards By Poverty Level983 Words   |  4 Pagesby Poverty Level Math Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Non-Poverty 25.17 35.73 29.09 10.58 Poverty 27.07 35.94 27.79 8.22 The data charts above indicate that students identified as living in poverty display a pattern of lower achievement scores at Brindlee Mountain Middle when compared to classmates not considered as living in poverty. However, the gap in achievement between poverty and non-poverty students is not substantial enough to be identified as the source of the achievement gap at BrindleeRead MoreEducational Attainment And Parental Support1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is no significant sex difference in the academic achievement of primary school children, there is no rural urban difference in academic achievement of primary school children. The findings of the study points out that, Socio-economic status is positively and significantly co related with academic achievement at the primary stage of education, Higher SES category students show significantly better academic achievements in comparison to meddler low SES category students. 2.5. STUDIES RELATED TORead MoreEssay On Indigenous Reserve High Schools1182 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing poorly funded and under-resourced. Griffit research asserts that school environment links to funding and resources are related to students’ academic achievement (Graiffit, 1997). Thus, having no library, no playground, no art room etc. due to lack of funding in Attawapiskat temporary schools impacts the Indigenous students academic achievement. To explain, Graiffit research suggests that schools that provide a library etc. may lead to higher quality of learning within the classroom whichRead MoreThe Importance Of Student Achievement1667 Words   |  7 Pagesimproved student achievement places pressure on educators to research and find ways for students to acquire needed skills to become academically successful in the classroom setting. One of the biggest challenges for educators is to explore ways for the low performing students to meet the established levels of achievement. This process requires a commitment from all the stakeholders in the education process to work together to create a plan of action to h elp improve the achievement of low performing studentsRead MoreThe Poverty Theory Developed By Lewis1627 Words   |  7 Pagesand reaction of the economically disadvantaged to their marginal position, low socioeconomic status and impartibility in achieving success. According to the poverty theory established by Lewis (1968), there are many traits associated with the culture of poverty. Families living on poverty have a level of education and are living in inadequate housing conditions. This factor is often associated with low academic achievement and success of economically disadvantaged students. Consequently, Lewis (1998)Read MoreThe Achievement Gap1119 Words   |  5 Pageseducation sector, the achievement gap delineates the observed disparity in school performance among student groups. This gap is manifested in measures such as test scores, grades, college completion and dropout rates, and selection of courses. Within the U.S. context, the achievement gap has often been used t o refer to the worrying performance disparities between Latinos and African-Americans on one hand and their non-Hispanic white counterparts on the other. The gap also describes academic differences betweenRead MoreChildren With Intellectual Disabilities Should Be Educated1114 Words   |  5 Pages(Swiss Conference of Cantonal Minsters of Education, 2007). The purpose of the study conducted was to investigate whether children of low, average, or high achieving students are affected in general education classrooms when one student with an intellectual disability is included with support. Findings support the idea that the academic achievement of children of low, average, or high ability are not affected when a student with an intellectual disability is present. Literature Review The developmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Poverty And Student Achievement : Does Poverty Affect The Culture Of A School?1195 Words   |  5 Pages The Effect of Poverty and Student Achievement: Does Poverty Affect the Culture of a School? Veronica Curtis, B.A, M.Ed Stony Brook University ABSTRACT Research Questions The following research questions guided this study. Research Question One According to the research literature, what effect does poverty have on academic performance? Research Question Two According to the research literature, what is the influence of behavior management strategies andRead MoreBetween The Various Financial Data And Eleventh Grade Students1604 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial data and eleventh grade students achievement. A comparison of four groups of school districts designated by ad valorem wealth and SES also was conducted to identify difference in student achievement. The findings of the study reveals, total per student expenditure and direct average teacher salary had a direct relationship with the achievement in mathematics but not in languages and art, no significant direct relationship with the student achievement was shown for instructional-operation expenditure

A Dose of Fear Free Essays

Once on a dark, stormy autumn’s evening, the grey fog hung so thick and heavy over the country lane that it blocked the view of the landscape. The gloomy, cumulonimbus clouds filled the thick, filthy air that smelt of dirty sewage water, as if there had been flames of fire that had let off a lot of smoke. You could hardly see a thing unless you had perfect vision. We will write a custom essay sample on A Dose of Fear or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the evening nearby an inconspicuously, deserted mansion that was about fifty metres away from the narrow, odd, tarmac road in the countryside, branches creaked and birds squeaked in their nests. It seemed to him like many days since he had begun to prepare his mind for â€Å"the camp† as he always called it. Seth Winston was a fifteen-year-old adventurous teenager who was so alive, vital and positive about everything. He also had a personality that one could not ignore. He had dark, brown eyes, short black hair and olive skin. His mother had died when he was born so he had never known or missed her. However, his young and handsome father seemed to be the only relation he had in the world apart from Ruth and Peter his caring and loving best friends. Ruth Mathews was sixteen years old, had blue eyes and ginger hair. There was more connection between her and Seth. On the other hand, Peter St John was an eighteen year old; who only had one thing in common with Seth and that was camping. That Saturday afternoon at half past two, Seth, Ruth and Peter set off to go camping in the countryside. This would have been their first camp ever without Seth’s father because Peter was old enough to drive and owned a driving licence. â€Å"This is going to be the best camp ever,† said Seth in an excited voice as Peter started to drive. Three hours later nearly two hundred miles away from town, the weather began to change from slightly warm and sunny to heavy rainfall. As darkness drew closer, the rain got worse every minute and the country lane became too slippery to drive the car. â€Å"I think you need to stop at the side of the road until the weather gets better Peter,† said Ruth in a tentative voice. â€Å"Don’t be silly, we’ve only got a few more miles to go until we reach the camping site,† said Peter in a voice that was struggling to hide the fear inside him. â€Å"Guys I think I see something,† Seth said loudly wishing it was a place to escape the unexpected heavy rain. â€Å"What is it?† Ruth and Peter both spoke at the same time desperate to find out what it was. â€Å"It looks like a house. A mansion.† Seth answered in an uncertain tone. â€Å"Let’s go and check it out,† Ruth suggested positively as if she knew exactly what it was. Peter made a left turn and slowly drove down in the open space towards the secluded, big mansion. When they reached the faded, rusty gate, they stepped out of the car and put their coats on. It was open so it made it easier for them to get to the mansion. In approaching the mansion, there was a chill in the air as they hurriedly walked to the door. Ruth knocked on one of the huge oak doors although they were slightly open. She knocked five times and waited but there was no response. â€Å"Hello, is anybody here?† Ruth shouted as she echoed repeatedly and as water dripped from her round face. â€Å"Did you hear that? Someone just repeated what Ruth just said,† Seth said sarcastically. â€Å"Are you stupid? That was her echo, you fool,† Peter said in a rather unimpressed high pitch voice. Helplessly desperate for shelter, they decided to step inside. The view captured their eyes. Joined cobwebs smeared the walls and an unidentified smell of rot filled their nostrils. The dusty, mouldy ceilings dripped with water. Peter seemed to be more fascinated by the unusual scene than the other two, so without them noticing, he decided to take a tour around. The door creaked behind Peter as he escaped into the next room. With their heads held up high, Seth and Ruth looked to see where the sudden noise had come from. Just as they turned round, they were horrified by a dead bat, which had fallen two metres above their heads from the spider web that hung under the ceiling. They heard a loud scream coming from the next room on their left that sounded as if someone was being tortured. They fled into that treacherous room as fast as they could. On its walls were skulls portrayed in a devilish appearance splashed with rotten blood. When they looked down, they saw a half naked body viciously assaulted dripping with blood on the black tiled floor. The floor was littered with bones and headless skeletons that were gathered through the courts of time. Satanic crosses were marked all over the ceiling and the atmosphere was heinous. Seth and Ruth could not believe the monstrous view in front of their eyes. Horrendous injuries covered the body and the eyes had popped right out of the skull. They were wide open, stony with the glassiness of death. Only one nostril was left of the nose and was dripping with mucus and blood. The lips were deformed. With a grimace of his face, Seth wondered what kind of a vicious, menacing sinister who would do such a terrible act. The slimy small and large intestines were noticeable and cut open that they dared not to look at the brutal stomach, which looked as if it had had an abdominal surgery. â€Å"I’m so sorry Peter,† said Ruth in a petrified voice trying her hardest not to burst out in tears. â€Å"Who could do such damage to an innocent soul?† Seth questioned silently as tear drops fell from his eyes. Seth noticed a sombre shadow with an axe in its hand on the wall at his right hand side. At first, he did not say anything because he was not sure where it was coming from. â€Å"Ruth look out!† shouted Seth. â€Å"Where?† Ruth shouted back. â€Å"Behind you!† Seth answered in a despairing voice. Ruth looked behind her, widened her blue eyes in terrified horror while her jaw nearly dropped on the ground and screamed, â€Å"No!† At this moment, Seth had nothing else to say or do but save himself. He ran out of the room as fast as he could and raced to the other side of the mansion as if chased by hideous demons. This end had autumn leaves on the floor that two open triangular windows had let in. He fled into the nearest room that he believed was safe as he had the intension to hide. Although it was not as bad as the previous one, this room was damp and infested but with a gnaw feeling, Seth did not take any notice. There was a rustling noise; it grew louder and more persistent. When it started, Seth had thought that leaves were blowing in the sweeping wind but now it was far too loud for that. It sounded like someone stomping through crisp packets. The rustling turned to crunching, as if some huge animal was munching on a giant creamcraker. Seth shivered. He pulled his coat tightly around him because he was cold. He clenched his fists in his pockets. He stared at the floor in front of him and occasionally glanced nervously at the door handle. â€Å"You must keep calm,† Seth repeatedly said to his self as he breathed heavily as if he was starving from oxygen. Seth desperately looked at the impenetrable window wishing he were small enough to fit through so he could escape the haunting poltergeist. In the darkness of the fading light, the poltergeist’s face had the pallor and sheen not so much of flesh so much of bone itself. Seth stared at it until his eyes ached in their sockets in surprise and bewilderment at its presence. With the combination of the peculiar, isolated room, the appearance of the poltergeist and the dreadfulness of its expression began to fill Seth with anxiety. Indeed Seth, never in his life was so threatened by anything like that. He had never known his heart to give such a great lurch, as if it would almost leap out into his shivering, dry mouth and then begin pounding in his chest like a hammer hitting an anvil. Seth never thought that a dose of fear would make his knees tremble and his flesh creep. He never imagined himself daunted and held fast by such dread, horror and apprehension of evil. His worst nightmares had resurrected. How to cite A Dose of Fear, Papers

My brother and I are story, how we became bad to good relationship free essay sample

When I was in kindergarten, my brother and I were so friendly. One day, my brother hit me. I did not know why he beat me. I cried and punched him back. So I started to hate him. When I was in grade six, my brother and I always had arguments. One day, my brother came to my room for playing TV game. I did not understand why he came to my room because he had own TV in his room. Because of a small power cord problem, we had a big fight. My mother was disappointed and said, â€Å"You guys are stupid† After it happened I could not even see his eyes. Sometimes I was able see his eyes, but not talk. Then we might make up one another for some time. Soon after that, I started to live in Bangkok when I was in grade eight. However, my brother continued live in Japan. We will write a custom essay sample on My brother and I are story, how we became bad to good relationship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now we cannot meet very each other often as I live in Bangkok and he lives in Japan. We know how to meet once a year or every two years. Therefore, we have to talk by phone. First, I usually ask some questions about my homework when I call him. But gradually we are able to talk about our personal things after a while. For example, our recollection stories, lip talks and so on. I am capable of doing this because to accept my brother and we live apart each other. I thought the long distance can shorten our mind gaps of unimportant things. Recently, we met each other in this pass summer. One day, my brother and I went to watch a movie at night. We talked about love stories first time and normally on the way to theater. We arrived at theater, my brother bought tickets, popcorn and coke for me. I felt happy like it had always been so. After watching the movie, I felt so happy and I fascinate asked, â€Å"Hey! How many girlfriends did you get?† My brother asked me with shy, â€Å"I don’t know! I can’t count about it!† I said, â€Å"Just kidding! Ok, I will change the question!! What is shocking comment from your girlfriends?† my brother told me so easy, â€Å"Your feeling is too deep for me!!!!† I agree. We talked about story of it, my brother’s love stories again and story in the future on the way to home. When we arrived at home, my mother, father and grandmother greeted, â€Å"Okaeri (Welcome home).† We replied, â€Å"We are home, the movie is good!!† The next day, my brother helped my homework. After finishing it, we went to a Shopping Mall. He chose my clothes for me. My brother treated me normally, so I realized that my brother is a good person. The whole reason for my dislike of my brother disappeared with time and distance. We had a big fight over a stupid electric cord and for that we lost our friendship time in our home together. Then we were separated from each other. Now I know that the chance with my brother is important and we must treasure like that.

Wireless Elecricity Essay Example

Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract—The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wirele ss Power Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Spa ce Solar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell Internationa l and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by m icrowave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna inpu t impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% efficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilit ies of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sa hara Desert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wi res is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towe rs. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Cour tesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. Luk, â€Å"A Point-to-Point Terrestrial Wireless Power Transportation Using an Injection-Locked Magnetron Array†, Proc. of Millennium Conference on Antennas amp; Propagation, 2000, p. 87 Tahir, I. , A. Dexter, and R. Carter, â€Å"Phase Locked magnetrons by use of their pushing characteristics†, Proc. of Sixth International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005, pp. 65-68 Shinohara, N. , T. Mitani, and H. Matsumoto, â€Å"Development of Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron†, Proc. of Sixth Internatio nal Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005,pp. 61-64 Shinohara, N. , H. Matsumoto, and K. Hashimoto, â€Å"Phase-Controlled Magnetron Developmentfor SPORTS : Space Power Radio Transmission System†, The Radio Science Bulletin, No. 310, Sep. 2004, pp. 9-35 Granatstein, V. L. , P. K. Parker, and C. M. Armstrong, â€Å"Scanning the Technology: Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, 1999, pp. 702–716 Heider, S. , â€Å"The Commercial Space TWTA Market Review and Trends†, Proc. of 1997 ESA Workshop, 1997, pp. 63-68 Sivan, L. , â€Å"Microwave Tube Transmitters – Microwave Technology Series 9-â€Å", Chapman amp; Hall, 1994 Matsumoto, H. , â€Å"Research on Solar Power Station and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review and Perspectives†, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp. 36-45 Wireless Elecricity Essay Example Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract—The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wirele ss Power Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Spa ce Solar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell Internationa l and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by m icrowave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna inpu t impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% efficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilit ies of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sa hara Desert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wi res is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towe rs. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Cour tesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. Luk, â€Å"A Point-to-Point Terrestrial Wireless Power Transportation Using an Injection-Locked Magnetron Array†, Proc. of Millennium Conference on Antennas amp; Propagation, 2000, p. 87 Tahir, I. , A. Dexter, and R. Carter, â€Å"Phase Locked magnetrons by use of their pushing characteristics†, Proc. of Sixth International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005, pp. 65-68 Shinohara, N. , T. Mitani, and H. Matsumoto, â€Å"Development of Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron†, Proc. of Sixth Internatio nal Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005,pp. 61-64 Shinohara, N. , H. Matsumoto, and K. Hashimoto, â€Å"Phase-Controlled Magnetron Developmentfor SPORTS : Space Power Radio Transmission System†, The Radio Science Bulletin, No. 310, Sep. 2004, pp. 9-35 Granatstein, V. L. , P. K. Parker, and C. M. Armstrong, â€Å"Scanning the Technology: Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, 1999, pp. 702–716 Heider, S. , â€Å"The Commercial Space TWTA Market Review and Trends†, Proc. of 1997 ESA Workshop, 1997, pp. 63-68 Sivan, L. , â€Å"Microwave Tube Transmitters – Microwave Technology Series 9-â€Å", Chapman amp; Hall, 1994 Matsumoto, H. , â€Å"Research on Solar Power Station and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review and Perspectives†, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp. 36-45

Christopher Columbus Essay Essays

Christopher Columbus Essay Essays Christopher Columbus Essay Essay Christopher Columbus Essay Essay Essay Topic: Clueless The Outsiders Essay on Christopher Columbus: The discovery of America In the modern day US, Christopher Columbus is celebrated as the man who discovered America. As controversial as the context of the word discovered may be used in, the first Monday of every October is the day Americans take their time to celebrate the heroics of Columbus sailing through the Atlantic Ocean to discover the new land in the October of 1492. As an experienced explorer, Columbus had been commissioned by the Spanish Monarch government to explore the rough waters and find the location of China or Japan for trade purposes. However, Columbus ended up on a series of islands that he collectively named as the East Indies, each island with a specific name dedicated to the upper ruling class of Spain. It was later discovered that they were not East Indies but rather a new land that the Spanish Empire claimed territory to. The sailing of Columbus towards the present day America explains how colonization and settlement of more European people at the territory was conceived. Therefore, in studying the explorative trip that was undertaken by Columbus to find Japan only to find the new land, one gains a better insight on the concept of colonization and how the historical injustices towards the natives began. In achieving its objective, this analysis uses both primary and secondary sources to understand the objective of Columbus and its aftermath. Columbus First Voyage to America Collectively, historical analysts point out that Columbus made four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean to the present day South and North America. Although each voyage was significant to the territory expansion of the Spanish, much emphasis is put on the success of the first one. Before Columbus came to be recognized as a great hero, Spain had just unified into one with the monarch government being headed by Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon. The two were responsible for the age of exploration for the Spanish Empire and through their leadership; Columbus was accorded the much-needed support to make the exploration. As he wrote in the letter, it only took Columbus and his team of conquistadors to arrive at the islands that form the present-day Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. This was in the October of 1492. On the islands, there were natives who living a totally different lifestyle and lacked all significant elements that European people deemed to be significant. For instance, they neither had towns or cities nor did they have functional governments. As described by Columbus in the letter he wrote back to the King and Queen; the natives were more affectionate to the outsiders regardless of the fact that they also feared the Europeans. Their innocence portrayed them as nave, an aspect that Columbus and other warrior explorers decided to take advantage of. After close to eight months, Columbus arrived back in Spain in March 1493. As Gallagher notes, great celebrations were made in the name of the new hero, Columbus. Several historical accounts analyzed by historians do not deviate from the primary information that was handcrafted by Columbus. In the account presented by the Saylor Foundation, it is evident that the exploration trips were taken seriously by the monarch government. The conquistadors who accompanied Columbus during all the four voyages were not just mere men but trained warriors. Their versatility and ability to endure harsh environments is what made the exploration a success. In the study by Stannard, demographers estimated the total population of inhabitants in the New World, which is the present day north of Mexico to be 12 million people. All that was about to change with the arrival of Columbus and his discovery of their territory as a New World, initially East Indies. Historical significance of Christopher Columbus America, as it is today, is a place that many people aspire to visit. It is the perfect place where true happiness and good life experiences occur as per the depictions of Hollywood. Clueless to all such people is that all that glitters is not gold. Amidst the happy place that is the current America, the country possesses a gloomy past dominated by historical injustices perpetrated to the minority. All these can be traced back to one celebrated event; the discovery of America by Columbus. Although historical accounts signal that Columbus was not the first European or foreigner to step foot on what he determined as the new world, it was his arrival that acted as the onset of injustices against the natives. Upon the success of the first voyage, to which Columbus claimed Spanish territory of five islands that were already inhabited, three subsequent voyages were organized by the monarch government. The agenda of the voyages that followed upon the first success was to carry more warriors who could secure and establish the authority of the Spanish Empire on the newly claimed territories. From a historical perspective, it was the beginning of colonization. More European settlers, from other countries, also saw an opportunity to grab a New World that was deemed free for grabs. While all these was going on, it is important to note that the natives, who had inhabited the land for more than 30,000 years were still living there. Controversies associated with the whole issue emanate from the term discover. How can a land that people are already living on be discovered? In the three historical accounts that have been used to cover this paper, it is evident that the arrival of European settlers led to the demise of the native communities. Historical sources point out that almost 90% of the original native communities were wiped out during the era that European settlers were grabbing America. One of the reasons that may have led to the killing of the natives by the teams led by Columbus was their refusal to uphold Christianity. As covered by Stannard and Gallagher, the monarch government had declared to enforce Christianity while eradicating other forms of religion. As such, rebellious people were killed or exiled. The natives that Columbus arrived back with after the first voyage were all converted to Christianity. In general, the suffering of natives began from the time that Columbus claimed to have discovered a new world. In summary, it is significant to acknowledge and appreciate the success of Columbus first voyage to the New World as the conception of the present-day America. Natives still live in reservations camps on a land that was theirs in the first place. Such incidences can be traced to the voyages of Columbus quest, which was originally set to locate China or Japan for economic reasons. As a discovery that happened by mistake, Columbus success marked the beginning of European settlers in the Americas. The Letter of Columbus in the Discovery of America. Print https://ia801404.us.archive.org/21/items/letterofcolumbus00colum/letterofcolumbus00colum.pdf Gallagher, Carole. Christopher Columbus and the Discovery of a New World. (2000): 1-30. Print http://arcofhistory.org/Honors_Western_Civ/Columbus_Trial_files/Columbus and the Discovery of the New World.pdf National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox. Letter of Christopher Columbus on his first Voyage to America, 1492. 1-5. Print https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/contact/text1/columbusletter.pdf Stannard, David. The American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World. 1-16. Print http://432thedrop.com/uploads/3/3/8/9/3389030/american_holocaust_-_columbus.pdf The Saylor Foundation. European Voyages of Exploration: Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Empire. 1-7. Printhttps://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/HIST201-3.1.4-ChristopherColumbusandSpanishEmpire-FINAL.pdf

Socio-technical leading to IT failure in Terminal 5 Essay

Socio-technical leading to IT failure in Terminal 5 - Essay Example Before merger of these two characteristics, socio and technical, the strategic planning for developing information systems was poor. The information systems were developed according to technological needs and the experts had formed systems on technical framework (Flichy, 2003). In this world of competitions, the organizations need perfection and reasons to be major contestant in the relevant field. Choppy and Sokolsky (2008) express that the efficiency, quality of services QoS, work load, accuracy and management are possible only by the help of socio-technical involvement. For the achievement of strategy of planning and development, the organizations implement and evaluate the state-of-the-art technologies with the flair of socio-technical system. On the other hand, as Godinez et al (2010) articulate, the dependency on technologies and hiring untrained staff are the factors which create lots of hindrances. And socio-technical system has also the limitations, so that the possibilities of design of faulty systems still persist in the world. Today, the concept of data management is incomplete, almost impossible, without information management systems. Information systems supply a complete and wide-range of solutions for organizations, either public or private. Curtis and Cobham (2008) express that the information system applications, based on software and hardware, are developed for different purposes and for different organisations. Airports, railway stations, hospitals, universities, accounts and audit bureaus and almost all the public organizations use these applications for ease in management. Information systems also help in decision making and timely completion of projects (Ulrich and Newcomb, 2010). In this paper, the relationship between information systems and socio-technical system is widely discussed. Moreover, the

The Internal Auditor, Management, and the Forensic Accountant Essay

The Internal Auditor, Management, and the Forensic Accountant - Essay Example These measurements are carried out by continuous auditing mechanisms practiced by Internal Auditors such that timely alerts can be raised against negative trends or non-compliances within the system. Such auditing can continuously evolve quick fixes in the form of corrective actions that can be taken on a fly and also evolve long term effective preventive actions. Moreover, if data integration is carried out effectively by applying effective integrated frameworks like Balanced Score cards and using corporate governance tools like Business Activity Monitoring or Business Performance Monitoring, then continuous monitoring of risks and fraud become a reality. In this paper, we review literature pertaining to roles and responsibilities of Internal Auditors and their responsibilities to consider Fraud in audit of Financial Reports. First Literature: Understanding Internal Audit by Rickard, Peter, pages 30 to 34; Journal published by Australian Accountant, Melbourne in April 1994. This Journal has been included herewith because it presents a comprehensive discussion on role of Internal Auditors and the expectations from them from a legacy perspective and Peter Rickard is an Accountant specialized in Audit and Fraud Control along with being the member of Performance Management International. As per Peter, the management of an organization expects that the Internal Auditor would keep a close watch on the actual implementation of their instructions & policies in the organization and provide feedback on who is not performing in the organization. In addition, he argues that the Internal Auditors are expected to ensure compliance with Government Policies, Legislations and Regulations. He explained the management expectations from an Internal Auditor under three categories - Functional, Personal and Other. Under funct ional, it is argued that an Internal Auditor is expected to serve as the eyes & ears of the management and under personal, it is argued that the internal auditors should be well qualified, trained, certified & possesses high ethics & integrity. Under the category other, it is argued that the audit findings & fraud detection should be timely & proactive such that effective corrective actions can be taken without delay. The author argues that Internal Auditors cannot be made scapegoats for everything going wrong in the organization because they primarily work on audits based on samples which may not be the true representation of the actual problems. As per the Author, the primary tasks of internal auditors are - Audit Planning, Audit Reporting, Measuring Audit Performance, and bridging the gaps by taking corrective & preventive actions. They should not be taken as "negative informers" who always report "bad news". The perspective of this author is to save an Internal Auditor from over expectations of a Management. However, in the modern world the businesses drive what the

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Total Quality Management - Essay Example The truth of this statement and those facts that disagree with this statement are thoroughly examined in this research to offer an avid discussion of how to achieve success with the implementation of TQM in a business. A major element in world market competition is quality. During the 1970’s and 1980’s, the Japanese and their U.S. companies demonstrated that high quality is achievable at lower costs and greater customer satisfaction (Heaphy & Grusky 1995). These were consequently the results of utilizing management principles of total quality management (TQM). U.S. companies have demonstrated that such achievements are possible using TQM as a way to manage business now, in present times. Also, many international companies have come to realize that when everyone pulls in the same direction it brings improvement in management skills in all forms of business, which TQM has made become a way of life in the many business sectors throughout the world (Laszlo 1999). In order to implement a strategy like TQM into a business requires an Upper-management change in both philosophy and behavior. Research has shown that business managers in any area, even within the realm of a mortgage brokerage company, must adopt the objectives of customer satisfaction and continuous improvement if they are going to rise to the top of the business chain both nationally and internationally (Wilkes & Dale 1998). They must implement the change to achieve these objectives through their personal and continuous involvement and through providing reeducation services for everyone within an organization. It is of course definitive that the organization should focus on solely TQM principles and practices so that the philosophy of management can work reasonably well. This is specifically true if a company wants to gain dominance in the world market and have outstanding success internationally (Wilkes & Dale

Graphene: Development and Applications

Graphene: Development and Applications Number of carbon atoms packed in a two-dimensional (2D) grid cells as flat single layer give the graphene. This is a key building block for graphitic materials of all sizes. It can be enclosed in fullerenes (0D), rolled into 1D nanotubes or stacked into three dimensional graphite. A serious step forward in the study of graphene was when Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from Manchester extracted Singlet thick crystallites (graphene) from crude graphite in 2004. The unique electronic properties of graphene produce an unexpectedly high opacity for one atomic monolayer, with amazingly simple value : it absorbs ~ 2.3 % of white light . This is a consequence of the unusually low energy electronic structure of monolayer graphene saws which electrons and holes tapered zone which meet each other at the point Dirac which is qualitatively different from the more common solid square zones. In 2008 carried out the first experiment proves that graphene is the strongest material that exists in nature. The measurements showed that graphene has a tensile strength of 100 times greater than steel. Graphene is different from most conventional 3D materials. The natural Graphene presents a semimetal or zero-gap semiconductor. Been a long time since we talked through the Medgreece in graphene and its unique properties. Graphene is a material which was discovered relatively recently, and its main feature is that it is a graphite sheet consisting of a lattice of carbon atoms linked together as shown in the photo of the article ( we could characterize as a wire ) which has a thickness of a single atom . So far it has been described as the ideal replacement for silicon , and has a very low resistance and higher conductivity which can lead to the creation of faster chips for computers . And all at room temperature . Where else could however be used graphene ? From the University of California , and Alexander Balandin (Chair of Materials Science and Engineering), investigated the possibility of using graphene sheets as heat conductors . The researchers call these cards quilts ( like a quilt ) and that is because the graphene sheets are not homogeneous but consist of flakes graphene , which overlap creating a spreadsheet. Only unlike the quilt ( we all know ) the quilt of graphene flakes will not retain heat, but will remove it . The graphene sheets can be used to extract heat from parts of a circuit which, due to the high speed flow of electrons ( current) particularly heated , which leads to impaired function of the circuit. Helping the diffusion of that heat , graphene will help create sdti much faster chip . Graphene based on measurements made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹by the researchers shows remarkably high thermal conductivity that surpasses even that of diamond and carbon nanotubes. The properties of graphene , (electrical conductivity , low resistance , high thermal conductivity ) find no scope only chip electronic circuits. As we mentioned previously this technology could even be used to improve the photovoltaic , since one of the main problems (in terms of performance ) is the high resistance of the conductor carrying the current. Graphene thanks to its properties , could significantly increase their performance Chapter 1: Carbon Nanostructures 1.1 A new class of materials The two-dimensional (2D) crystalline materials have only recently been identified and investigated. [1] The first material that falls into this category, is graphene, a singlet carbon layer. This new material has unique properties that make it extremely interesting both as basic knowledge, as well as for future applications. The electronic properties of graphene, for example, have resulted in an unusual quantum Hall [2], [3]. It is a transparent conductor [4] with a thickness equal to the extent of zp orbital of an atom of carbon (0,344 nm). It also has parallels with the physics of elementary particles which for example displays an unusual tunneling [5], [6], which was predicted by the Swedish Natural Oscar Klein [7]. Additionally, graphene exhibits excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Its mechanical strength is greater than steel while it can be bent. The thermal and electrical conductivity is very high and can be used as a flexible conduit. The Andre K. Geim and Kostant in S. Novoselov from the University of Manchester, were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for the production, isolation and identification of graphene [1]. 1.2 Forms of carbon Carbon is perhaps the most exciting element of the periodic table. It is the basis of DNA and life on earth. O coal occurs in different forms. The most common form of carbon, graphite, which consists of stacked sheet carbonates hexagonal structure. At high pressures, the diamond is created, which is a metastable form of carbon. A relatively new form of molecular carbon, are the Fullerenes (Fullerenes) [8]. The most ordinary fullerene consists of 60 carbon atoms (60 C) and has the shape of a football. It is consisting of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons which enable the surface to form a ball. The discovery of fullerenes was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996. The existence of a pseudo-one-dimensional form of carbon, carbon nanotubes, has been known for many decades and the existence of single-wall carbon nanotubes in 1993 [9]. The nanotubes are formed by winding of a graphene sheet so as to acquire a cylindrical shape with hemispherical ends with a configuration similar to that of the fullerene. The electronic and mechanical properties of metallic nanotubes, show many similarities with those of graphene. It was already known that the toner is composed of hexagonal carbon levels which are stacked on top of one another but scientists believed that such a singlet carbonate sheet could not be produced. In 2004, however, scientists A. Geim, K. Novoselov and colleagues [1] showed that such an individual could be isolated and was stable. The singlet this level carbon called graphene. Figure 1.1. The graphene sheets form the native structure of the graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes [11]. It should be noted that structures similar to graphene has been known since the 1960s [10] but there were experimental difficulties in isolating them and raises doubts about whether this would be possible. The amazing thing is that a simple pencil contains graphite and as it moves the paper, toner levels separated in a very small part of which contains some of singlet layers of graphite, ie graphene. The difficulty is not the production of graphene structures but rather to isolate large quantities of singlet levels for the identification, characterization and study its properties. This just managed to make the Geim and Novoselov. 1.3 Graphene Graphene is called a singlet level of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, with nearest neighbor distance of atoms 0.142 nm. It is the first truly two-dimensional crystalline material and is representative of a whole class of two-dimensional materials which includes for example Psychosocial Critical Evaluation: Case Study of Rory Psychosocial Critical Evaluation: Case Study of Rory Psychosocial Critical Evaluation: Case Study of Rory Introduction Psychosocial theory originates from psychoanalytic and psychodynamic casework, which has had a profound and lasting impact on social work (Kenny and Kenny, 2000). This assignment will use the case study of Rory, a fifteen year old boy living in a family home with his brother, mother and stepmother. Throughout the assignment Rory’s social environment and his relationships within this environment will be analysed in order to understand how these factors have shaped his development. Following on from this an evaluation of group work as an intervention method to support and empower Rory shall be explored. Group work will be taken as evidence for practice, where social work practice is carried out in groups (Doel, 2000, p.148). Psychosocial theories will be explored into how they influence group work and group dynamics, and the way group work can be used to change and adjust dysfunctional social environments. In doing so, the model of psychosocial theory and its relevance to social work will be explored, and how useful it is in understanding clients and promoting their best interests. In order to critique the model of psychosocial theory, and explore how it influences our perception of the human condition, we must have a clear idea of what we mean by the term. Modern social work theorists have stressed the importance of applying the correct competency to the individual person, with regard to their social environment (Hutchinson, 2008). It sees people as ‘products of the interaction among their biogenetic endowment, the effects of significant relationships, the impact of life experiences, and their participation in societal, cultural and current events’ (Turner, 1978, p.2). The social work profession, can see the individual person as interdependent with their environment, which they are able to influence and change (Kondrat, 2002). By seeing individuals as being uniquely shaped by their environment, it helps social workers avoid the issues of social identity theory. Rather than categorising or stereotyping people, social workers are able to empathise a nd see all service users as individuals (Tajfel and Turner, 1979, cited in Gaine, 2010). The main ideas of psychosocial theory are reflected in other social work theories and methods, such as systems and attachment theory. Both theories developed from the need to build upon the traditional psychoanalytic model of individual therapy (Walker, 2012), and the idea that individual experiences with families were continually being shaped and influenced by the evolving interaction patterns of communication. For group work to be beneficial there must be a mindfulness of the social context or sociology of the individual and group. Understanding individuals who compromise the group requires knowledge of ‘psychosocial functioning and development through the life cycle’ but also the impact of the group’s structure and process on the members’ behaviour. A group cannot be understood without knowledge of members in their individual social context (Northern and Kurland, 2001, p.35). This promotes and encourages diversity within the group, as practitioners are mindful of differences within the group, and how they can be addressed to promote social skills such as empathy and respect. If a client’s environment and social context has been dysfunctional, as in Rory’s case, the group work can provide a model of a healthy culture through the group values, communication patterns, and the way it addresses interpersonal conflict (Northern and Kurland, 2001). Having explored the connection between group work and psychosocial theory, two theories of social work shall be applied and explored next. Attachment theory focuses on the quality of the attachments in the significant relationships in a client’s past (Bowlby, 1979, 1988). Bowlby’s theory of attachment stresses the importance of past relationships by determining which will develop emotionally and socially, and form relationships in the future. Bowlby was particularly concerned with the interactions and attachments that individuals had with their parents or carers. The ability of a child to attach to a parent or carer, the level of consistency of the parent or carer to meet the emotional needs of a child and the ability of the child to feel safe and secure, predicted how the child would develop emotionally. This theory has particular relevance and importance for this case study. The relationship between Rory and his mother can be recognised as a disorganised attachment. H is mother’s bi-polar disorder means her behaviour is inconsistent at times, due to her having stable periods but when her mood is very bleak she neglects the needs of Rory and his brother. From this behaviour Rory receives mixed messages, leaving him feeling anxious and unable to explain and possibly understand his own feelings (Bowlby, 1988). His father appears to display as insecure or ambivalent attachment, this is due to him demonstrating an inconsistency in his attitude to Rory, neglecting contact for several weeks at a time. His unpredictable behaviour and failure to display attention in a consistent way leads to anxiety and distress for Rory. Attachment theory is helpful to social workers in planning intervention, as they have insight into how past experiences of the service user can impact on their behaviour, and their ability to form relationships. For example, at the Youth Club Rory is seen as increasingly withdrawn and erratic by the youth workers. This may be due to his disorganised attachments impacting upon his ability to behave in social situations. Preston-Shoot and Agass (1990) explains that the development and quality of relationships can be influenced by considering the impact of the client’s feelings on behaviours. Group work can be a powerful tool when based on attachment theory issues. Egeland and Erikson (1993) and Eriskon et al., (1992) described a group in which young, high-risk mothers were brought together for weekly group sessions from the time their children were born until they were one year old. Group work was effective here for two reasons. Firstly, through the therapeutic relationship itself, or the relationship with the group facilitator, in which ‘the facilitator maintains a healthy, supportive alliance with the parent, proving such relationships are possible’ (Erikson et al., 1992, p.501). When using any intervention, it is important to create a working alliance, in which the patient has confidence that the practitioner can help (Holmes, 2001). Due to Rory having all his immediate adult relationships in his life being inconsistent and causing him anxiety, having another which proves to be consistent in his life, one that is dependable, may improve his self-esteem an d address problems he is exhibiting in social situations, such as at the Youth Club. The reason he may be attending the Youth Club could be due to him searching for that consistency and dependable person he needs, as the Youth Club is a weekly activity which is always there. The ‘therapeutic’ relationship gives Rory a ‘secure base’ (Holmes, 2001, p.17) where the task can challenge assumptions and relationship patterns. Group work would also introduce Rory to a plethora of perspectives and individuals. Through this, Rory may become conscious of thoughts and attitudes that were previously unconscious (Holmes, 2001). In listening to and working with others Rory may build up his self-esteem. As he begins to form relationships with members of the group, he has models of healthy and functional relationships that are different from his own attachments with family members. This could increase his confidence, addressing problems of withdrawn and erratic behaviour that have been raised by Youth Workers at Youth Club. A number of studies have shown group work can improve social skills (Reid and Hammond, 2001; Fargan and Jones, 2002). Group work also promotes diversity as those it helps do not feel isolated or alienated by their problems: through sharing experiences in a respectful and tolerant environment they gain insight into the sufferings and challenges of others, and methods to overcome this. Groupwork a s a form of learning extends beyond this, as groups offer members feedback that is often more effective coming from peers than from a social worker (Northern and Kurland, 2001). When done sensitively and constructively, such feedback helps clients such as Rory with their social skills and their ability to build relationships outside of the group. A weakness of this theory, however, may that does it is not sufficiently encompassing of all the social forces that act on the individual. Psychosocial theory holds that we should acknowledge the role in human development of temperament, racism, poverty, social class, and other environmental conditions (criticism outlined in Coady and Lehman, 2007). Group dynamics and interactions cannot be understood through individual’s relationships with their parents alone. Psychosocial theory assists social workers in understanding and analysing the situations and behaviours of their client. This provides practitioners with insight into what has occurred in the past or what may occur in the future. However, some argue that attachment theory does not paint a picture of the client whole: by attributing all of Rory’s behaviours and concerns to his parents, the practitioner may neglect the wider social context that is acting on him. Systems theory may offer a more encompassing picture of Rory’s social context. This theory holds that individuals and their environments are separate systems that are interconnected and interdependent (Teater, 2010). By thinking of families as living systems, systems theories are able to think about how dynamics are constantly altering as each family member deals with life inside and outside the family. Rory’s withdrawn behaviour, and self-destructive thoughts can be attributed to the frequency with which his family dynamics change. This change is at times dramatic for example the breakdown of his parent’s relationship, or his sister leaving the family home- but also in the inconsistencies due to his stepfather’s temper and mother’s mental illness. Systems theory also promotes tolerance and diversity, as it recognises that there is no one model for a healthy, functioning family (Walker, 2012). A change or movement in one of these systems results in change or movement in the others. In Rory’s case, social systems theory is useful as it allows social workers to identify which system requires an intervention (Teater, 2010). The key question is ‘does this structure work for this family’ and does it allow for the healthy development and growth of family members? As such, the Munro Report confirms that a systems perspective offers the most holistic tool for undertaking informed assessment work that takes into full account the wide environmental factors combined with the inter-personal relationship patterns that influence family experiences (cited in Walker, 2012). Furthermore, a family’s structure and organisation allows social workers to determine, to some extent what is possible within a particular family. Thinking of families systematically also ensures no family member is marginalised (Walker, 2012). One-to-one intervention with Rory will have an i mpact on the whole family system; his mother, brother and stepfather will be affected, and also the family dynamic as a whole. As such, group work is an effective method of intervention according to social systems theory. This is because it avoids the risk that the family’s problems and their solutions are individualised. By placing Rory in a different group dynamic, one that has been constructed by a facilitator or practitioner, social workers may be able to assess which elements of the family’s structure need intervention, and where Rory and the family need extra support. By assessing Rory’s patterns of communication and interaction outside his family dynamic, practitioners may gain greater insight into his specific needs and methods that can be used to support and empower him. Groupwork for families links closely to the family therapy movement (pioneered by figures such as Murray Bowen, Jay Haley, and Virginia Satir). The family therapy movement advocates systemic features as a means by which to assess the way groups of relatives organise themselves over time, creating stable patterns, that are inclined to return to familiar states. As such, one of the beliefs is that systems tend to be self-correcting, based on positive or negative feedback (Coady and Lehmen, 2007). By using groupwork intervention with Rory, he may feel empowered and supported to address and correct the patterns and familiar states of his family, rather than simply removing himself from situations. Furthermore, the counsellor or practitioner can address the dysfunctional and destructive subsystems that exist within Rory’s family. A concern surrounding this theory of social work, however, is the emphasis social systems theory places on adaptation. The purpose of the group work intervention is to explore how systems can be adjusted and change to create a healthy and supportive structure. As such, some fear that practitioners are encouraging clients to accommodate to oppressive circumstances (Coady and Lehmen, 2007). From this perspective, Rory may be being taught to accept and adapt to the hostile and threatening behaviour of his stepfather, or the neglect he sometimes faces from his mother. This can be addressed by being mindful of social work’s traditional concern with social justice- an integration of values such as social justice and social systems based thinking is possible. To do this, practitioners must be self-reflective and question their own values and assumptions, particularly in terms of prejudice and diversity, in order to ensure that the client’s best interests are at the heart of gr oup work intervention. An awareness of social circumstance is also important in tackling diversity with regard to mental health. Parental mental health, and the disruption to parenting capacity has been found to have profound and persistent implications for children and their parents (Smith, 2004). As such, it has been advocated that social workers have improved access to training that assists with psychosocial interventions, such as group work (National Institute for Mental Health in England, 2005). This helps us to understand the quality of attachment between Rory and his mother. Rory himself is displaying behaviours that may point to mental health, particularly disclosing suicidal thoughts. Research shows that social work plays a significant role of social work in promoting the involvement of people using services and developing systemic approaches to practice with families (Gilbert, 2007). Diversity is important here- social workers must address societal stigmas regarding mental health. Effective inter vention can also promote diversity by helping those with mental health to function and become involved in society. A psychosocial approach helps us to understand Rory’s patterns of communication and behaviour, as it gives us insight into the formative relationships, experiences and environments that have categorised his life thus far. This puts troubling behaviours, such as self-destructive and suicidal thoughts, within a social context that can be used as the basis for assessment and intervention. Our chosen intervention method, group work, is also revealing about how Rory can be supported and empowered. By modelling healthy and secure relationships, and developing Rory’s social skills, Rory’s future relationships do not have to be influenced solely by dysfunctional attachments with his parents and stepfather. By understanding his family as a system, and observing Rory but within that system and in other groups, insight is gained into how Rory’s social context can be adapted in order to promote the healthy growth of all its members.

Humorous Wedding Speech for a Groom in Sales :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech for a Groom in Sales Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen - Today, I'd like to take this opportunity to pay tribute to a man who personifies intelligence, ambition, tact, generosity, and integrity. But it is John’s wedding so it's only fair that I talk about him as well. Laughter Now, I only met John a few years ago at university, meaning that I’ve had to rely on him perhaps more than I would have liked to get the details of his past. But apparently, the young John Cervoni was an exceptionally gifted child. After publishing his first novel at 15, John tells me that his English teacher was left in tears when he opted for the Sciences at A Level. He then reluctantly turned down offers from Harvard and Stanford, in order to study at that other great beacon of learning – State University. But between leaving school and going to State, where I met John, I can only assume that something far too terrible to enquire about must have happened to transform him into the mediocre bum that I know. While at State U. John spent so much time skipping lectures they almost changed his degree to home economics. And when he left, his head of department gave him this reference: ‘Any company who gets Mr. Cervoni to work for them will be very lucky indeed’. So not surprisingly, John has done absolutely nothing to help with the planning of this wedding. At one stage, Melissa got so desperate for help she had me search him for a socket. She wondered if maybe she had to plug him in. Believe it or not, I wasn’t John’s only friend at university. Laughter John developed a close relationship with an African exchange student, named Chimaka. Their relationship was close in the sense that John admired Chimaka’s essay writing abilities and John was kindly always on hand to help Chimaka tidy up his written English. Now Chimaka, who’s father was a tribal elder in Chimakaya and who’s village had donated money to send Chimaka to England, was rather shocked to find himself called into the Dean of Faculties office one morning to explain similarities in his essay to those of John. Two hours later, finding Chimaka on his doorstep threatening suicide, or murder, John's future skills as a salesman came into play. Quoting statistical probability, quantum mechanics and astrology with a straight face, John managed to save both university careers.